Sociodemographic determinants of eating patterns in two Latin American populations.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to describe the dietary patterns of a population from Brazil and another from Colombia with respect to understanding their determinants, similarities and differences. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data. The dietary patterns of the adult population of Pernambuco, Brazil, as well as those of the adult population of Antioquia, Colombia, were analysed using principal component analysis method with orthogonal varimax rotation, and a Poisson regression with robust variance was used to verify the association between eating patterns and socio-economic variables. RESULTS: In each population, three eating patterns were identified. One of them related to healthy eating, named "Prudent", was identified in the two populations analysed. In Pernambuco, a food pattern consisting exclusively of foods with some degree of processing was verified, entitled "Processed". The food culture was reflected in the pattern called "Traditional-Regional" in Pernambuco and the "Traditional" and "Regional" patterns in Antioquia. CONCLUSIONS: Income, education, age, family size, food security status and area of residence were presented as determinants of dietary patterns in both populations. Elements of the food transition were found, which seems to have happened more rapidly in Pernambuco. The food groups that make up the dietary patterns of each population are similar, but the foods that constitute them present differences due to their availability depending on aspects such as climate, soil quality, access to water, local culture and food tradition.

Birth-related and current factors associated with physical inactivity in the leisure time in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether biological and sociodemographic factors at birth and current factors are associated with insufficient physical activity during leisure among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study with national coverage was conducted involving Brazilian adolescents 12 to 17 years of age in municipalities with more than 100 thousand residents. The sample consisted of 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. Insufficient leisure-time physical activity was categorized based on total volume (<300 minutes/week = insufficiently active; >300 minutes/week = sufficiently active). Poisson regression models were used to assess associated factors. RESULTS: Most adolescents were classified as insufficiently active (54.8%; 95%CI: 53.7-55.9). The variables associated with insufficient physical activity during leisure were the female sex (70.4%; 95%CI: 68.8-71.9), age between 15 and 17 years (57.8%; 95%CI: 56.3-59.2), pertaining to the low or middle class (54.5%; 95%CI: 52.8-56.1), and not being overweight (55.9%; 95%CI: 54.6-57.1). CONCLUSION: Contrary to our hypothesis, birth related factors (e.g., low birth weight, preterm birth and exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age) are not associated with physical inactivity. The prevalence of insufficient physical activity during leisure was high among the adolescents evaluated and was associated with sociodemographic characteristics as well as nutritional status. It is necessary to implement strategies focused on physical activity at schools.

Influence of food environment on ultra-processed drinks consumption among an economically vulnerable population in a metropolitan area in Brazil: A multilevel analysis.

Ultra-processed drinks (UPDs) consumption is increasing, and this intake has been associated with the risk of illness and death. Data on individuals (n = 430) and food stores (n = 231) were collected in an economically vulnerable area in Recife-Brazil, and multilevel regression models were applied to assess the association between UPDs consumption with food environment characteristics. The results show 29.5% of individuals consume UPDs, higher UPD consumption was significantly associated with age (OR: 0.96), lower educational levels (OR:2.06), high density of stores predominantly selling UPFs (OR:2.34) and lower availability of FV in stores (OR:0.49). The applied methodology can inform food environment interventions to reduce UPDs consumption.

Situação de insegurança alimentar em domicílios de Pernambuco, Região Nordeste do Brasil: contribuições para discussão da violação do direito à alimentação / Food insecurity in households in Pernambuco, Northeast region of Brazil: contributions to the discussion on the violation of the right to adequate food

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores associados à insegurança alimentar em domicílios do Estado de Pernambuco, localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em 1.008 domicílios particulares. Para a investigação, utilizou-se a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) e foram analisadas associações com variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e práticas relacionadas à alimentação. Calculou-se razão de prevalência e ajuste por meio da regressão de Poisson, sendo estatisticamente significantes aquelas associações cujo p≤0,05. Encontrou-se prevalência de 68,4% de insegurança alimentar. Apresentaram associação com insegurança: escolaridade do chefe da família; renda per capita; participação no programa Bolsa Família; número de moradores; regime de ocupação do domicílio; classe social; práticas; e opiniões acerca da alimentação da família. O maior risco de insegurança foi encontrado naqueles com pior condição econômica, em beneficiários do Bolsa Família e naqueles que indicavam a falta de produtos ultraprocessados para melhorar a alimentação da família. Observou-se insegurança alimentar atrelada às condições de vulnerabilidade social e àqueles que não consideravam ter uma boa alimentação. Grande parte dos sujeitos referiram utilizar os recursos do Bolsa Família para aquisição de alimentos, o que reforça a importância dessa estratégia na promoção do acesso à alimentação.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate factors associated with food insecurity in households in the state of Pernambuco, in the Northeast region of Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 1,008 private households. The investigation used the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) and analyzed associations with socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as practices related to eating. Prevalence ratio and adjustment were calculated using Poisson regression, and associations where p ≤ 0.05 were statistically significant. Food insecurity prevalence was 68.4%. Variables associated with insecurity were: education of the head of the family; per capita income; participation in the Bolsa Família Program; number of residents; occupation of the household; social class; practices and opinions about family eating habits. The greatest insecurity risk was found in those with the worst economic conditions, in beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program and in those who considered the lack of ultra-processed products to improve the family's diet. Food insecurity was linked to conditions of social vulnerability and to those who did not perceive that they had a good diet. Most of the subjects reported using resources of the Bolsa Família program to purchase food, which reinforces the importance of this strategy in promoting access to food.

Excess weight in adolescents and associated factors: data from the ERICA study

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of excessive weight and to identify associations with socioeconomic, demographic, biological, and lifestyle factors in adolescents. Methods: It is a cross-sectional school-based study, with a stratified and complex sample. The evaluated individuals were adolescents (2404), aged 12-17 years old, participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA). Demographic, socioeconomic, biological, anthropometric, and lifestyle variables were assessed. Poisson regression was used to verify the association between excess weight and independent variables. Results: The prevalence of excessive weight was 26.3% in the study population, being 16.3% for overweight and 10% for obesity. In the multivariate analysis (hierarchical model), were associated with excessive weight: private education network, a higher number of televisions in the residence, eating habits related to the breakfast consumption, snacks purchase in the canteen, snacks in front to screens consumption and consumption of carbohydrates and lipids, in addition to age group (12-14 years) and sexual maturation (post-pubertal). Conclusions: The prevalence of excessive weight among the school adolescents studied is high, with a value higher than the national average and the results of previous studies with adolescents. Its distribution is associated with different factors, which are socioeconomic, demographic, biological, and related to lifestyle, reinforcing the complexity of this condition, which deserves a broad coping approach, involving not only individual efforts but social and public ones as well.

[Perception of body weight above the ideal, anthropometric profile and lifestyle among adolescents in the city of Recife, Brazil]. / Percepção do peso corporal acima do ideal, perfil antropométrico e estilo de vida em adolescentes de Recife, PE, Brasil.

This study investigated the perception of above ideal body weight among adolescents in the city of Recife, Brazil, and its association with anthropometric profile and lifestyle. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2480 adolescents from the "Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents." The conceptual model also assessed demographic and socioeconomic variables. Body weight perception was analyzed by asking the question: "In your opinion, your current body weight is … ?" Answers included: below ideal, ideal and above ideal body weight. Statistics were identified using Poisson Regression analysis. The mean age was 14.7 years (SD = 1.6), 53.7% were female, and 70.7% were eutrophic according to the body mass index/age (BMI/A). Perception of body weight was answered by 48.8% of the adolescents. 36.8% and 63.2% saw themselves as below and above their ideal weight, respectively. After adjustments, the variables associated with the perception of body weight above the ideal (outcome variable) were the female sex, age 12 to 14 years, mother's schooling > 8 years, BMI/A in the ideal range, being postpubescent, having breakfast and meals with parents occasionally. Demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables were more likely to be associated with body weight perception above the ideal.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a percepção do peso corporal acima do ideal em adolescentes de Recife/PE e sua associação com o perfil antropométrico e estilo de vida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 2.480 escolares participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (Erica). O modelo conceitual também considerou variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas. A percepção do peso foi analisada por meio da pergunta "Na sua opinião o seu peso atual é?", sendo as respostas: "abaixo do ideal", "ideal" e "acima do ideal". As associações foram identificadas por meio da regressão de Poisson. A média da idade foi de 14,7 anos (DP = 1,6), 53,7% eram do sexo feminino e 70,7% eram eutróficos, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I). A percepção do peso foi respondida por 48,8% dos adolescentes. Desses, 36,8% e 63,2% se percebiam com baixo peso e peso acima do ideal, respectivamente. Após os ajustes, as variáveis associadas à percepção do peso acima do ideal foram: sexo feminino, idade entre 12 e 14 anos, escolaridade materna maior que oito anos, IMC/I de eutrofia e de excesso de peso, estágio pós-púbere e realização de café da manhã e refeição com os pais ocasionalmente. Portanto, variáveis demográficas, antropométricas e do estilo de vida se associaram à maior chance de percepção do peso corporal acima do ideal.

Percepção do peso corporal acima do ideal, perfil antropométrico e estilo de vida em adolescentes de Recife, PE, Brasil / Perception of body weight above the ideal, anthropometric profile and lifestyle among adolescents in the city of Recife, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a percepção do peso corporal acima do ideal em adolescentes de Recife/PE e sua associação com o perfil antropométrico e estilo de vida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 2.480 escolares participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (Erica). O modelo conceitual também considerou variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas. A percepção do peso foi analisada por meio da pergunta "Na sua opinião o seu peso atual é?", sendo as respostas: "abaixo do ideal", "ideal" e "acima do ideal". As associações foram identificadas por meio da regressão de Poisson. A média da idade foi de 14,7 anos (DP = 1,6), 53,7% eram do sexo feminino e 70,7% eram eutróficos, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I). A percepção do peso foi respondida por 48,8% dos adolescentes. Desses, 36,8% e 63,2% se percebiam com baixo peso e peso acima do ideal, respectivamente. Após os ajustes, as variáveis associadas à percepção do peso acima do ideal foram: sexo feminino, idade entre 12 e 14 anos, escolaridade materna maior que oito anos, IMC/I de eutrofia e de excesso de peso, estágio pós-púbere e realização de café da manhã e refeição com os pais ocasionalmente. Portanto, variáveis demográficas, antropométricas e do estilo de vida se associaram à maior chance de percepção do peso corporal acima do ideal.

Abstract This study investigated the perception of above ideal body weight among adolescents in the city of Recife, Brazil, and its association with anthropometric profile and lifestyle. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2480 adolescents from the "Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents." The conceptual model also assessed demographic and socioeconomic variables. Body weight perception was analyzed by asking the question: "In your opinion, your current body weight is … ?" Answers included: below ideal, ideal and above ideal body weight. Statistics were identified using Poisson Regression analysis. The mean age was 14.7 years (SD = 1.6), 53.7% were female, and 70.7% were eutrophic according to the body mass index/age (BMI/A). Perception of body weight was answered by 48.8% of the adolescents. 36.8% and 63.2% saw themselves as below and above their ideal weight, respectively. After adjustments, the variables associated with the perception of body weight above the ideal (outcome variable) were the female sex, age 12 to 14 years, mother's schooling > 8 years, BMI/A in the ideal range, being postpubescent, having breakfast and meals with parents occasionally. Demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables were more likely to be associated with body weight perception above the ideal.

Excess weight in adolescents and associated factors: data from the ERICA study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of excessive weight and to identify associations with socioeconomic, demographic, biological, and lifestyle factors in adolescents. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional school-based study, with a stratified and complex sample. The evaluated individuals were adolescents (2404), aged 12-17 years old, participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA). Demographic, socioeconomic, biological, anthropometric, and lifestyle variables were assessed. Poisson regression was used to verify the association between excess weight and independent variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of excessive weight was 26.3% in the study population, being 16.3% for overweight and 10% for obesity. In the multivariate analysis (hierarchical model), were associated with excessive weight: private education network, a higher number of televisions in the residence, eating habits related to the breakfast consumption, snacks purchase in the canteen, snacks in front to screens consumption and consumption of carbohydrates and lipids, in addition to age group (12-14 years) and sexual maturation (post-pubertal). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of excessive weight among the school adolescents studied is high, with a value higher than the national average and the results of previous studies with adolescents. Its distribution is associated with different factors, which are socioeconomic, demographic, biological, and related to lifestyle, reinforcing the complexity of this condition, which deserves a broad coping approach, involving not only individual efforts but social and public ones as well.

[Lifestyle of adolescent students from public and private schools in Recife: ERICA]. / Estilo de vida de adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas em Recife: ERICA.

This study analyzes the behavior patterns related to the lifestyle of adolescents in Recife, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the Cardiovascular Risk Study among Adolescents (ERICA) and 2400 students aged 12 to 17 were interviewed. The prevalence of physical activity, eating behavior, smoking and alcohol consumption were analyzed. The Chi-square test and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the measurements. It was observed that 60% of the adolescents presented inadequate eating behaviors regarding the consumption of breakfast, daily water intake and meals eaten in front of the TV. About 40% (95%CI: 39.7-45) did not sit down to meals with their parents or guardians. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 52.4% (95%CI: 50-55). Female adolescents were more inactive (68.7%, 95%CI: 65-72) than males (36.4%, 95%CI: 33-40). Teenagers of economic classes D and E were the most inactive (60.7%, 95%CI: 46-73). Alcohol consumption was 18.7% (95%CI: 2.6-5.6) and smoking was prevalent in 3.8% (95%CI: 2-6) of the individuals. Inadequate eating behaviors and physical inactivity were the main areas responsible for an unhealthy lifestyle, followed by alcohol consumption and smoking.

Este estudo analisa os comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida de adolescentes em Recife, Brasil. Estudo transversal com dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). 2.400 estudantes de 12 a 17 anos foram entrevistados. Foram analisadas as prevalências de atividade física, comportamento alimentar, tabagismo e consumo de álcool. O teste Qui-quadrado e Intervalo de confiança 95% (IC95%) foram usados para avaliar a significância estatística das medidas. Observou-se 60% dos adolescentes com comportamentos alimentares inadequados quanto ao consumo de café da manhã, água/dia e refeições em frente à TV. Cerca de 40% (IC95%: 39,7-45) não realizavam refeições com os pais ou responsáveis. A prevalência de inatividade física foi de 52,4% (IC95%: 50-55). Adolescentes do sexo feminino foram mais inativas (68,7%; IC95%: 65-72) em relação aos meninos (36,4%; IC95%: 33-40). Adolescentes das classes econômicas D e E foram os mais inativos (60,7%; IC95%: 46-73). O consumo de bebida alcoólica foi de 18,7% (IC95%: 2,6-5,6) e o tabagismo foi de 3,8% (IC95%: 2-6) dos indivíduos. Comportamentos alimentares inadequados e a inatividade física foram os principais domínios responsáveis por um estilo de vida não saudável, seguidos pelo consumo de álcool e tabagismo.

Independent predictors of insulin resistance in Brazilian adolescents: Results of the study of cardiovascular risk in adolescents-Brazil.

Considering the current changes in dietary patterns and the increasing prevalence of excess weight throughout the world, several studies have reported insulin resistance, which is a key driver of many chronic diseases, to be an important public health problem in all age groups. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence and independent predictors of insulin resistance in Brazilian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a probabilistic, representative sample of Brazilian adolescents (n = 37,023) who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. Data were collected on demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics as well as antioxidant micronutrient intake (vitamins A, C, E, zinc, and selenium). Insulin resistance was determined using the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and classified based on the 75th percentile of the sample distribution. Insulin resistance was detected in 27% of the adolescents and was more prevalent among those aged 12 to 14 years (PR: 1.26 [95%CI: 1.13;1.41]), those residing in the southern and south-eastern regions of the country (PR: 1.47 [95%CI: 1.27;1.70]), those who were physically inactive (PR: 1.12 [95%CI: 1.02;1.23]), and those did not consume alcohol (PR: 1.50 [95%CI: 1.13;1.99]). The prevalence of insulin resistance was 2.5-fold higher among individuals with severe obesity (PR: 2.49 [95%CI: 2.07;3.00]). Waist circumference indicative of cardiovascular risk and high serum triglyceride levels increased the likelihood of insulin resistance (PR: 1.37 [95%CI: 1.19;1.59] and 1.60 [95%CI: 1.45;1.78], respectively). The prevalence of the outcome was higher among adolescents in the lower quartiles of vitamin E intake (p<0.05). In the present study, the prevalence of insulin resistance was high among Brazilian adolescents and we identified sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary predictors of this outcome.

BIRTH WEIGHT AND OVERWEIGHT IN ADOLESCENTS: THE ERICA PROJECT IN THE CITY OF RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of anthropometric parameters at birth, socioeconomic and biological variables, physical activity, and parental nutritional status with overweight and abdominal obesity in adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 39 public and private schools in Recife (state of Pernambuco, Brazil). The sample consisted of 1,081 teenagers aged from 12 to 17 years. Data were collected from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). Body mass index according to age (BMI-for-age), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) were considered as outcome variables, whereas the explanatory variables were birth weight, Röhrer's Ponderal Index (RPI), biological and socioeconomic variables, physical activity, and parental nutritional status. The crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) for the studied association were estimated by Poisson Regression. RESULTS: The multivariate Poisson regression showed that the variable that remained significantly associated with overweight in adolescence was maternal overweight, PR=1.86 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.09-3.17). High birth weight also remained significantly associated with abdominal obesity assessed by WC, PR=3.25 (95%CI 1.0-9.74). CONCLUSIONS: High birth weight may be a marker for abdominal obesity in adolescence; and high maternal BMI, for overweight.

Estilo de vida de adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas em Recife: ERICA / Lifestyle of adolescent students from public and private schools in Recife: ERICA

Resumo Este estudo analisa os comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida de adolescentes em Recife, Brasil. Estudo transversal com dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). 2.400 estudantes de 12 a 17 anos foram entrevistados. Foram analisadas as prevalências de atividade física, comportamento alimentar, tabagismo e consumo de álcool. O teste Qui-quadrado e Intervalo de confiança 95% (IC95%) foram usados para avaliar a significância estatística das medidas. Observou-se 60% dos adolescentes com comportamentos alimentares inadequados quanto ao consumo de café da manhã, água/dia e refeições em frente à TV. Cerca de 40% (IC95%: 39,7-45) não realizavam refeições com os pais ou responsáveis. A prevalência de inatividade física foi de 52,4% (IC95%: 50-55). Adolescentes do sexo feminino foram mais inativas (68,7%; IC95%: 65-72) em relação aos meninos (36,4%; IC95%: 33-40). Adolescentes das classes econômicas D e E foram os mais inativos (60,7%; IC95%: 46-73). O consumo de bebida alcoólica foi de 18,7% (IC95%: 2,6-5,6) e o tabagismo foi de 3,8% (IC95%: 2-6) dos indivíduos. Comportamentos alimentares inadequados e a inatividade física foram os principais domínios responsáveis por um estilo de vida não saudável, seguidos pelo consumo de álcool e tabagismo.

Abstract This study analyzes the behavior patterns related to the lifestyle of adolescents in Recife, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the Cardiovascular Risk Study among Adolescents (ERICA) and 2400 students aged 12 to 17 were interviewed. The prevalence of physical activity, eating behavior, smoking and alcohol consumption were analyzed. The Chi-square test and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the measurements. It was observed that 60% of the adolescents presented inadequate eating behaviors regarding the consumption of breakfast, daily water intake and meals eaten in front of the TV. About 40% (95%CI: 39.7-45) did not sit down to meals with their parents or guardians. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 52.4% (95%CI: 50-55). Female adolescents were more inactive (68.7%, 95%CI: 65-72) than males (36.4%, 95%CI: 33-40). Teenagers of economic classes D and E were the most inactive (60.7%, 95%CI: 46-73). Alcohol consumption was 18.7% (95%CI: 2.6-5.6) and smoking was prevalent in 3.8% (95%CI: 2-6) of the individuals. Inadequate eating behaviors and physical inactivity were the main areas responsible for an unhealthy lifestyle, followed by alcohol consumption and smoking.

Birth weight and overweight in adolescents: the erica project in the city of recife, pernambuco / Peso ao nascer e excesso de peso em adolescentes: projeto erica na cidade do recife, pernambuco

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association of anthropometric parameters at birth, socioeconomic and biological variables, physical activity, and parental nutritional status with overweight and abdominal obesity in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 39 public and private schools in Recife (state of Pernambuco, Brazil). The sample consisted of 1,081 teenagers aged from 12 to 17 years. Data were collected from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). Body mass index according to age (BMI-for-age), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) were considered as outcome variables, whereas the explanatory variables were birth weight, Röhrer's Ponderal Index (RPI), biological and socioeconomic variables, physical activity, and parental nutritional status. The crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) for the studied association were estimated by Poisson Regression. Results: The multivariate Poisson regression showed that the variable that remained significantly associated with overweight in adolescence was maternal overweight, PR=1.86 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.09-3.17). High birth weight also remained significantly associated with abdominal obesity assessed by WC, PR=3.25 (95%CI 1.0-9.74). Conclusions: High birth weight may be a marker for abdominal obesity in adolescence; and high maternal BMI, for overweight.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação de parâmetros antropométricos ao nascer, variáveis socioeconômicas e biológicas, atividade física e estado nutricional parental com excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal de adolescentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi realizado em 39 escolas públicas e privadas de Recife (PE). A amostra consistiu em 1.081 adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos de idade, provenientes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Estabeleceram-se como variáveis de desfecho o índice de massa corpórea para a idade (IMC/I), a circunferência da cintura (CC) e a relação cintura/estatura (RCEst), enquanto as explanatórias foram o peso ao nascer, o índice ponderal de Röhrer (IPR), as variáveis biológicas e socioeconômicas, a atividade física e o estado nutricional dos pais. Estimaram-se as razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas para as associações estudadas pela regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A regressão multivariada de Poisson mostrou que a variável mantida como significantemente associada ao excesso de peso na adolescência foi o excesso de peso materno, RP=1,86 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,09-3,17). O peso elevado ao nascer também permaneceu bastante associado à obesidade abdominal avaliada pela CC, RP=3,25 (IC95% 1,08-9,74). Conclusões: O peso elevado ao nascer constituiu marcador para a obesidade abdominal na adolescência; e o IMC materno elevado, para o excesso de peso.

Government strategies to ensure the human right to adequate and healthy food facing the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. / Estratégias governamentais para a garantia do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável no enfrentamento à pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil.

The Covid-19 pandemic revealed a concrete and immediate threat to food and nutrition security (FNS), especially for vulnerable groups. This study aimed to identify government strategies implemented in Brazil to provide the Human Right to Adequate and Healthy Food in high social vulnerability contexts during the Covid-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with analysis of official documents published between March 20 and July 30, 2020, by the Federal Government, Federal District, Brazilian states, and capitals, focusing on measures to ensure availability and physical or financial access to food. Strategies implemented mainly involve food distribution and minimum income assurance. The following were implemented: Basic Emergency Income (Federal Government); Food Acquisition Program (PAA), and emergency financial aid (states); emergency food donation programs (states and municipalities). Existing measures were adapted to the pandemic, such as the National School Food Program (PNAE), the National Food Acquisition Program (PAA), and the distribution of food and staple food baskets. While essential, these strategies have limited scope and are insufficient to ensure FNS.

A pandemia de Covid-19 revelou a existência de ameaça concreta e imediata à segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN), em especial de grupos vulnerabilizados. O estudo buscou identificar as estratégias governamentais implementadas no Brasil para prover o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável em contextos de elevada vulnerabilidade social frente à Covid-19. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com análise de documentos oficiais publicados entre 20 de março e 30 de julho de 2020 pela União, Distrito Federal, estados e capitais brasileiras, com foco em medidas que assegurem disponibilidade e acesso físico ou financeiro a alimentos. As estratégias implementadas envolvem fundamentalmente distribuição de alimentos e garantia de renda mínima. Foram instituídas: Renda Básica Emergencial (União); Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e auxílio financeiro emergencial (estados); programas de doação emergencial de alimentos (estados e municípios). Medidas existentes foram adaptadas frente à pandemia, como o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) nacional, a distribuição de alimentos e de cestas básicas. Embora importantes, essas estratégias têm alcance limitado e são insuficientes para assegurar a SAN.

Estratégias governamentais para a garantia do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável no enfrentamento à pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil / Government strategies to ensure the human right to adequate and healthy food facing the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil

Resumo A pandemia de Covid-19 revelou a existência de ameaça concreta e imediata à segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN), em especial de grupos vulnerabilizados. O estudo buscou identificar as estratégias governamentais implementadas no Brasil para prover o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável em contextos de elevada vulnerabilidade social frente à Covid-19. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com análise de documentos oficiais publicados entre 20 de março e 30 de julho de 2020 pela União, Distrito Federal, estados e capitais brasileiras, com foco em medidas que assegurem disponibilidade e acesso físico ou financeiro a alimentos. As estratégias implementadas envolvem fundamentalmente distribuição de alimentos e garantia de renda mínima. Foram instituídas: Renda Básica Emergencial (União); Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e auxílio financeiro emergencial (estados); programas de doação emergencial de alimentos (estados e municípios). Medidas existentes foram adaptadas frente à pandemia, como o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) nacional, a distribuição de alimentos e de cestas básicas. Embora importantes, essas estratégias têm alcance limitado e são insuficientes para assegurar a SAN.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic revealed a concrete and immediate threat to food and nutrition security (FNS), especially for vulnerable groups. This study aimed to identify government strategies implemented in Brazil to provide the Human Right to Adequate and Healthy Food in high social vulnerability contexts during the Covid-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with analysis of official documents published between March 20 and July 30, 2020, by the Federal Government, Federal District, Brazilian states, and capitals, focusing on measures to ensure availability and physical or financial access to food. Strategies implemented mainly involve food distribution and minimum income assurance. The following were implemented: Basic Emergency Income (Federal Government); Food Acquisition Program (PAA), and emergency financial aid (states); emergency food donation programs (states and municipalities). Existing measures were adapted to the pandemic, such as the National School Food Program (PNAE), the National Food Acquisition Program (PAA), and the distribution of food and staple food baskets. While essential, these strategies have limited scope and are insufficient to ensure FNS.

Severity of obesity is associated with worse cardiometabolic risk profile in adolescents: Findings from a Brazilian national study (ERICA).

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adolescents has increased dramatically in developing countries. However, the distribution of cardiometabolic risk factors through the severity of obesity continuum is relatively unknown among youth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of weight categories with cardiometabolic risk factors among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: ERICA (The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents) was a multicenter, school-based, cross-sectional study composed of Brazilian adolescents (12-17 y of age). Severity of obesity was classified according to the International Obesity Task Force reference values for body mass index (BMI) and several cardiometabolic risk factors were measured after clinical and biochemical exams and categorized using standard definitions of abnormal values. RESULTS: Among the 37 892 adolescents enrolled, 8708 had excess weight, being classified with overweight (17.2%), obesity (5.6%), and severe obesity (1.3%). Increasing severity of obesity was associated with a worse cardiometabolic profile in the overall sample. Multivariable models that controlled for age, sex, skin color, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and total energy intake, showed that individuals in higher categories of severity of obesity tended to have higher prevalence ratios of most cardiometabolic risk factors compared with the other weight groups, except for high fasting blood glucose among boys. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive degrees of excess weight are positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth from a middle-income country, indicating the importance in classifying the severity of weight excess among adolescents and considering this to plan prevention programs against early development of obesity-related diseases.

PREVALENCE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND FOOD CONSUMPTION IN ADOLESCENTS - RECIFE/BRAZIL.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of insulin resistance in adolescents and its associations with metabolic factors and food intake. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with a stratified, complex, school-based sample. The subjects were adolescents (n=1,081) who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents in the city of Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil). We analyzed demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR>75th percentile. A Poisson multivariate regression model with robust variance adjustment was used, and variables with p≤0.05 in the final model were considered statistically associated with insulin resistance. RESULTS: Median age was 14 years (interquartile range: 13-16 years), and 25.3% of the sample showed insulin resistance. The variables associated with insulin resistance in the final model were age, body mass index-for-age (BMI/A), biochemical markers (triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and saturated fat intake, with insulin resistance being more prevalent in individuals whose consumption of this type of fat was below the median of the sample distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance was prevalent in the adolescents analyzed and was significantly associated with metabolic variables and saturated fat intake.

Padrões alimentares de mulheres em idade reprodutiva: realidade na Zona da Mata nordestina / Eating patterns among women of reproductive age: reality in the Zona Mata, Northeastern Brazil

Objetivo: Verificar os padrões alimentares e os fatores associados de mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 322 mulheres de 12 a 49 anos, residentes em Vitória de Santo Antão, Zona da Mata de Pernambuco, através de busca ativa nos domicílios. Os setores censitários foram sorteados de forma aleatória simples, abrangendo as unidades de saúde pertencentes à Estratégia de Saúde da Família. A partir do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar, identificaram-se os padrões alimentares, categorizados em baixo consumo, 1º e 2º tercil, e alto consumo, tercil superior. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram as sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida e de saúde. Resultados: Do grupo estudado, 59,3% tinham entre 20 e 39 anos e 60,9% apresentavam excesso de peso. Verificaram-se três padrões alimentares: Saudável, Comum Típico Brasileiro e Fast-food. As mulheres com idade ≥ 40 anos consumiam aproximadamente três vezes mais alimentos do padrão Saudável, quando comparadas àquelas com idade ≤ 19 anos. Em contraste, aquelas com idade ≥ 40 anos apresentaram menor probabilidade de consumir alimentos do padrão Fast-food do que as mais jovens (≤ 19 anos). Verificou-se ainda que mulheres com escolaridade superior a oito anos tinham maior probabilidade de consumir alimentos do padrão Fast-food quando comparadas aquelas com ≤ 4 anos de estudo. Conclusões: As mulheres mais jovens e as de maior escolaridade apresentaram um consumo elevado do padrão alimentar Fast-food, em comparação às mais velhas e de menor escolaridade, respectivamente. (AU)

Objective: To analyze eating patterns and associated factors in women of reproductive age. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 322 women aged 12 to 49 years old, residing in Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco's Zona da Mata, Brazil, through active household survey. Census sectors were drawn in a simple and random manner, covering the health units belonging to the Family Health Strategy. The Eating Frequency Questionnaire allowed identifying eating patterns, categorized into low consumption, 1st and 2nd terciles, and high consumption, higher tercile. The independent variables analyzed were sociodemographic, lifestyle and health. Results: Within the studied group, 59.3% of the women were aged between 20 and 39 years old, and 60.9% had excessive weight. Three eating patterns were observed: Healthy, Brazilian-Typical Common, and Fast-Food. Women aged ≥ 40 years old consumed approximately three times more food of the Healthy pattern compared to those aged ≤ 19 years old. On the other hand, those aged ≥ 40 were less likely to consume foods of the Fast-Food pattern than the younger ones were (≤ 19 years old). Moreover, women with more than eight years of education were more likely to consume foods of the Fast-Food pattern compared to those with ≤ 4 years of education. Conclusions: Younger and better educated women presented a high consumption of foods characterizing the Fast-Food eating pattern compared to older and less educated ones, respectively. (AU)

Prevalence of insulin resistance and association with metabolic risk factors and food consumption in adolescents - recife/brazil / Prevalência de resistência à insulina e associação com fatores de risco metabólicos e consumo alimentar de adolescentes - recife/brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence of insulin resistance in adolescents and its associations with metabolic factors and food intake. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with a stratified, complex, school-based sample. The subjects were adolescents (n=1,081) who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents in the city of Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil). We analyzed demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR>75th percentile. A Poisson multivariate regression model with robust variance adjustment was used, and variables with p≤0.05 in the final model were considered statistically associated with insulin resistance. Results: Median age was 14 years (interquartile range: 13-16 years), and 25.3% of the sample showed insulin resistance. The variables associated with insulin resistance in the final model were age, body mass index-for-age (BMI/A), biochemical markers (triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and saturated fat intake, with insulin resistance being more prevalent in individuals whose consumption of this type of fat was below the median of the sample distribution. Conclusions: Insulin resistance was prevalent in the adolescents analyzed and was significantly associated with metabolic variables and saturated fat intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de resistência à insulina em adolescentes e verificar sua associação com variáveis metabólicas e com o consumo alimentar. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de base escolar, com amostra do tipo estratificada e complexa. Os indivíduos analisados foram adolescentes (n=1.081) participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) na cidade de Recife (Pernambuco, Brasil). Foram coletadas variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais, antropométricas, bioquímicas e do consumo alimentar. A resistência à insulina foi definida como HOMA-IR>percentil 75. Análises de regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância foram empregadas, sendo identificadas associações estatisticamente significativas quando p≤0,05. Resultados: A idade mediana foi de 14 anos (intervalo interquartílico=13-16) e a resistência à insulina foi evidenciada em 25,3% da amostra. As variáveis que se associaram significativamente com a resistência à insulina no modelo final foram a faixa etária, o índice de massa corpórea por idade (IMC/I), marcadores bioquímicos (triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol) e o consumo alimentar de gordura saturada, observando-se maior prevalência da resistência à insulina naqueles indivíduos que apresentaram a ingestão deste tipo de gordura abaixo da mediana da própria distribuição. Conclusões: A resistência à insulina foi prevalente nos adolescentes avaliados e se associou significativamente com variáveis metabólicas e com o consumo alimentar de gordura do tipo saturada.

Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults from the Semi-Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil / Prevalência e Fatores Associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica em Adultos do Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil

Abstract Background: Systemic arterial hypertension is a substantial public health problem responsible for millions of deaths per year worldwide. However, little is known about the epidemiology of this disease in areas distant from large urban centers in Brazil. Such information is necessary to plan health promotion strategies. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and determine its associated factors in adults residing in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with a random sample of male and female adults. Individuals with systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm/Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm/Hg and those who reported being under treatment with antihypertensive drugs were considered hypertensive. We collected data on demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and anthropometric characteristics, as well as health and nutrition. The statistical analysis used Pearson's chi-square test, the chi-square test for trend, and multivariate Poisson regression analysis. A p-value < 0.05 in the final model was considered indicative of statistical significance. Results: The sample consisted of 416 individuals, and the prevalence of hypertension was 27.4% (95%CI 23.2 - 32.0). In the final model, the independent predictors of hypertension were age of 40 years or older (p = 0.000), low economic class (p = 0.007), smoking (p = 0.023), overweight determined by the body mass index (p = 0.003), and reduced glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was high and related to important risk factors. Thus, prevention and control strategies are recommended.

Resumo Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) constitui grande problema de saúde pública, responsável por milhões de mortes por ano no mundo. Apesar disso e frente à necessidade de informações para o delineamento de estratégias de promoção da saúde, pouco se conhece sobre a epidemiologia da doença em regiões distantes dos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e verificar os aspectos associados à HAS em adultos do sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento transversal, com uma amostra aleatória de adultos de ambos os sexos. Foram considerados hipertensos aqueles que apresentaram pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg e/ou diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg, além daqueles que relataram estar em tratamento com anti-hipertensivos. Informações demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais, antropométricas e de saúde e nutrição foram coletadas. Foram aplicados os testes do 2 de Pearson, c2 para tendência e a regressão multivariada de Poisson. No modelo final, foi considerada significância estatística quando p < 0,05. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 416 indivíduos e a prevalência de HAS foi de 27,4% (IC95% 23,2 - 32,0). No modelo final, foram identificados como preditores independentes da HAS a faixa etária a partir dos 40 anos (p = 0,000), classe econômica baixa (p = 0,007), tabagismo (p = 0,023), excesso de peso pelo índice de massa corporal (p = 0,003) e adultos com tolerância à glicose diminuída/diabetes mellitus (p = 0,012). Conclusão: A prevalência de HAS é elevada e se relaciona com fatores de risco importantes, logo, são recomendáveis ações de prevenção e controle.